Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications / ed. F.H. flowers
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 – History and Extractive Metallurgy
- Historical Background
- The Early Titanium Industry and More Recent Developments
- Ores and Their Occurrences
- The Metal Titanium
General Properties and Alloying Behavior - Mechanical Properties
- Special Chemical and Physical Properties
- Economics
- Process Challenges
- Extractive Metallurgy
- Summary
Chapter 2 – Introduction to Solidification and Phase Diagrams
- Atoms
- Solidification of Metals
- Alloying
- Phase Diagrams
- Summary
- Glossary
Chapter 3 – Principles of Alloying Titanium
- Atomic Structure of Titanium
- Alloying Elements
- Titanium Alloys
- Terminal Alloy Formulation
- Intermetallic compounds Ti3Al and TiAl
- Summary
Chapter 4 – Principles of Beta Transformation and
Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys
- Beta Transformation
- Metastable Phases and Metastable Phase Diagrams
- Transformation Kinetics
- Heat Treatment
- Summary
Chapter 5 – Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys
- Deformation
- Development of Texture in Titanium
- Texture Strengthening
- Strain Hardening
- Strain Effects
- Superplasticity
- Internal Changes
- Annealing
- Neocrystallization
- Gamma Titanium Aluminide
- Summaries
Chapter 6 – Mechanical Properties and Testing of Titanium Alloys
- Effect of Alpha Morphology on Titanium Alloy Behavior
- Hardness
- Tensile Strength
- Ductility
- Creep and Stress Rupture
- Fatigue Strength
- Toughness
- Fatigue Crack Growth Rate
- High-Temperature Near-Alpha Alloys
- Alpha-Beta Alloys
- Beta Alloys
- Titanium Aluminides
- Metal-Matrix Composites
- Shape Memory Alloys
- Summary
Chapter 7 – Metallography of Titanium and Its Alloys
- Review of Physical Metallurgy—Alpha and Beta
- Terminology Used to Describe Titanium Alloys Structures
- Metastable Phases
- Related Terms
- Ordered Intermetallic Compounds
- Effect of Fabrication and Thermal Treatment on Microstructure
- Metallographic Specimen Preparation
- Summary
- Glossary
- Appendix—Metallographic Preparation
Chapter 8 – Melting, Casting, and Powder Metallurgy
- Melting
- Casting
- Titanium Powder Metallurgy
- Safety
- Future Developments in Titanium Powder Metallurgy
- Summary
- Glossary of Acronyms
Chapter 9 – Primary Working
- Crystal Structure
- Forging
- Ingot Breakdown
- Forged Billets and Bars
- Rolling
- Radial Precision Forging Machines
- Rolled Rod and Bar
- Plate, Sheet, Coil, and Foil Rolling
- Extrusion
- Wire and Tube Processing
- Summary
Chapter 10 – Secondary Working of Bar and Billet
- Physical Metallurgy
- Forging
- Classes of Forgings
- Extrusion
- Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
- Surface Effects of Heating
- Modeling
- Summary
- Glossary
Chapter 11 – Forming of Titanium Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Tubing
- Forming Considerations
- Preparation for Forming
- Heating Methods
- Forming Lubricants
- Tooling Materials
- Forming Processes
- Summary
Chapter 12 – Joining Titanium and Its Alloys
- Welding
- Welding Procedures
- Brazing
- Soldering
- Adhesive Bonding
- Mechanical Fastening
- Summary
Chapter 13 – Machining and Chemical Shaping of Titanium
- Machinability
- General Machining Requirements
- Scrap Prevention
- Hazards and Safety Considerations
- Milling Titanium
- Turning, Facing, and Boring
- Drilling Titanium
- Surface Grinding
- Broaching
- Tapping
- Recent Advances in Machining
- Flame Cutting
- Chemical Machining
- Electrochemical Machining
- Summary
Chapter 14 – Corrosion
- Corrosion Behavior of Titanium
- Forms of Corrosion
- Alloying for Corrosion Prevention
- Chemical and Related Applications
- Summary
Chapter 15 – Applications of Titanium
- Early Applications
- Material Availability
- Aerospace Applications
- Sheet Metal Applications
- Industrial Applications
- Engineering Properties
- Medical Applications
- Consumer Applications
- Armor Applications
- Automotive Applications
- Building Applications
- Power Utility Applications
- Marine Applications
- Miscellaneous Applications
- Summary
