Effects of hydrogen in aluminium and its alloys / D.J.. D.J.
BRIEF CONTENTS
1 OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
2 OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- Crystal Structure
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- Alloy Systems
- Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment
- Commercial Pure Aluminium Grades (AA 1100 Alloy Series)
- Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment 3003
- Aluminium-Magnesium Alloys (AA 5000 Series)
- Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment 3004
- Heat Treatable (Ageing) Alloys
- Aluminium-Copper-Magnesium Alloys (e.g. AA 2024)
- Aluminium-Zinc-Magnesium Alloys (e.g. AA 7075)
- Aluminium-Magnesium-Silicon Alloys (e.g. AA 6061)
- Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment
- Polarization Curves and Pitting Potential of AXJ Alloy
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
3 Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment
- Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment
- Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- The Direct Chill CDC) Semicontinuous Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Hot Rolling
- Cold Rolling
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extrusion
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
4 Extraction of Aluminium by the Hall-Herault Process
- DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF HYDROGEN IN ALUMINIUM
- Thermodynamics of Dissolution
- Selection of Standard States
- Pressure-Dependence of Solubility and Sievert’s Isotherm
- Temperature-Dependence of Solubility and the Van’t Hoff Isobar
- Some Fundamental Aspects of Hydrogen Solutions
- Electronic Approach to the Enthalpy of Solution
- Statistical Approach to Solubility
- Crystallographic Aspects of Hydrogen Solutions
- SPONTANEOUS BREAKDOWN OF SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS
- Nucleation and Growth of Hydrogen-Filled Micropores
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Microporosity
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Thermodynamics of Dissolution
5 Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- Pore Stability Diagram
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- Equipment
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- Operation
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
6 Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments’ Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Equipment
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments’ Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Equipment
- THE VACUUM EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments’ Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Example of Telegas Application in Industrial Experiments
- Practical System Based on Hydrogen Content
- Relation of Hydrogen Content to Molality and Mole Fraction
- CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PUBLISHED VALUES FOR SOLUBILITIES
- Pure Aluminium
- Pure Liquid Aluminium
- Pure Solid Aluminium
- Comparison of Solubilities in Liquid and Solid Pure Aluminium
- Aluminium-Copper and Aluminium-Silicon Alloys
- Liquid Aluminium Copper Alloys
- Liquid Aluminium-Silicon Alloys
- Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Liquid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Nature of Hydrogen Solutions in Liquid Aluminium Alloys Containing Lithium
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- Pure Aluminium
7 Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- 1 Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
- DETERMINATION OF DIFFUSIVITY COEFFICIENTS
- Approach
- Procedures for the Solid Metal
- Evaluation of Diffusion Coefficients
- DIFFUSIVITY IN ALUMINIUM
- True Diffusivity in Solid Pure Aluminium
- Diffusivity in Manufactured Products
- Diffusion with Enhanced Trapping
- Diffusivity of Hydrogen in Pure Liquid Aluminium
- DIFFUSIVITY IN SOLID ALUMINIUM LITHIUM ALLOYS
- Measured Values
- Mathematical Analysis
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- Solid Aluminium-Lithium Alloys
8 ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN IN ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
- INDUSTRIAL HYDROGEN SOURCES
- THE CAPACITY OF THE METAL TO ACCEPT HYDROGEN
- HYDROGEN ABSORPTION BY LIQUID METAL
- Practical Considerations
- Furnace Atmospheres
- Charge Materials
- Reaction Kinetics
- Oxygen Activity Gradients in Oxidation Products on Aluminium
- Conditions for Reduction of Water Vapour to Hydrogen
- Relevant Phases in the Alumina- Water System
- Orthorhombic Titanium Aluminides:
- Correlation of Phase Relationships with Hydrogen Absorption
- Practical Considerations
- ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN IN SOLID METAL FROM THE ATMOSPHERE
-
- Pure Aluminium
- Aluminium- Contents:
- Theoretical Treatment of Selective Oxidation
- Hydrogen Absorption in Aluminium Magnesium Alloys from Clean Humid Air
- Hydrogen Absorption from Air Polluted with Sulphur Dioxide
- The Influence of Pore Nuclei
- Inhibition by Potassium Borofluoride
- Aluminium-lithium Alloys
- Theoretical Treatment of Selective Oxidation
- Hydrogen Absorption in Aluminium Lithium Alloys from Clean Humid Air
- Lithium Hydride as a Sink for Absorbed Hydrogen
- The Influence of Sulphur Pollution in the Atmosphere
- HYDROGEN ABSORBED FROM ROLLED SURFACES
- Characteristics of Hot-Rolled Surfaces
- Profile of the Surface Hydrogen Source
- Hydrogen Absorption in Annealing During Manufacture
- Simulated Annealing of Hot Rolled Aluminium
- Mathematical Model of Hydrogen Absorption
- Effect of Cold Rolling
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
9 POROSITY AND RELATED ARTIFACTS IN MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
- EVALUATION OF POROSITY
- INTERDENDRITIC POROSITY
- Theory of Formation
- Distribution in Semicontinuously Cast Ingots
- Persistence Through Thermal and Mechanical Processing
- Porosity in Near Net Shape Castings
- SECONDARY POROSITY
- Nucleation of Micropores
- Disproportionation of Hydrogen Solutions
- Stability of Micropores
- Secondary Pore Systems in 99.2% Aluminium (AA 1100)
- Effects of Thermal and Mechanical Treatments
- Correlation with Hydrogen Content
- Secondary Pore Systems in Very Pure (99.99%) Aluminium
- Effect of Homogenising Semicontinuously Cast Ingots
- Wrought Forms
- Preferred Pore Sites
- Nucleation of Micropores
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
10 CONTROL OF HYDROGEN AND ITS EFFECTS IN MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
- DEFECTSASSOCIATEDWITHHYDROGEN
- Wrought Products
- Sheet and Extrusions
- Foil
- Thick Plate and Forgings
- Near Net Shape Castings
- Alloys Containing Lithium
- Wrought Products
- CONTROL AND REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN FROM THE LIQUID METAL
- Transport of Hydrogen Across the Liquid Metal Surface
- Degassing by Purging
- Theoretical Basis
- Selection of Purge Gases
- Degassing In Furnaces
- In-line Degassing
- Economical Use of Degassing Procedures
- Multipurpose Liquid Metal Treatment Systems
- The Special Case of Alloys Containing Lithium
- CONTROLOF HYDROGEN AND ITS EFFECTS IN THE SOLID METAL
- The State of Occluded Hydrogen in the Solid Metal
- Solution
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- Secondary Porosity and Unstable Solutions
- Hydrides
- Absorption of Hydrogen from Atmospheric Humidity
- Pure Aluminium
- Aluminium Alloys Containing Magnesium
- Alloys Used without Heat-Treatment
- Absorption of Hydrogen from Surfaces of Mill Products
- Redistribution and Expansion of Secondary Porosity
- Mechanically-Generated Defects
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
- The State of Occluded Hydrogen in the Solid Metal
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN
Applications by Alloy Class 1. CALIBRATION OF VACUUM EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT
Applications by Alloy Class 2. SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF MAGNESIUM AND LITHIUM IN ALLOYS
- STANDARD GIBBS FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
- FORMATION OF OXIDES ON ALUMINIUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
– Equilibrium Oxygen Activities
– Equilibrium Constants
– Example of Calculations - FORMATION OF OXIDES ON ALUMINIUM-LITHIUM ALLOYS
- HYDRATION OF MAGNESIUM AND LITHIUM OXIDES
- OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUDED HYDROGEN